SHIVER: SARS CoV-2 Historically Identified Variants in Epitope Regions
SHIVER identifies variant forms of the SARS CoV-2 virus with a focus on the NTD and RBD neutralizing antibody epitope regions of the Spike protein, as well as sites related to furin cleavage; the forms are chosen to maximize coverage globally and/or on separate continents[*], depending on which of several strategies is employed.
In the Table of Variants, below, the first column is the pattern at sites where differences occur, relative to initial (Wuhan) sequence, with site numbers read down vertically.
Table of Variants
LPM = Local Pattern Matches = # of seqs in continent that match over epitope region
GPM = Global Pattern Matches = # of seqs in world that match over epitope region
GSM = Global Sequence Matches = # of seqs in world that match over whole Spike protein
1111111122222222333333333444444444444444444445555666 14444555544555556334567777000144445556777888990012578 94567267834123671596681356358704562560578146081511591 Name LPM GPM GSM GSM/GPM [Mutations] (Lineage) TYYHKWEFRAL-GDSGGLGRKLSSSTRDRKNKVGLLFNASTNEFFQNYVPHNP 1-Initial 0 0 0 0.0% [] I-.Q........V.....HT.IFPFA.NSNK.PS..LK.NK.APSRYH..YKH 2-North-America-1 1968 3831 2140 55.9% [T19I,L24-,P25-,P26-,A27S,Q52H,V83A,G142D,Y144-,H146Q,Q183E,V213E,G252V,G339H,R346T,L368I,S371F,S373P,S375F,T376A,D405N,R408S,K417N,N440K,V445P,G446S,F456L,N460K,S477N,T478K,E484A,F486P,F490S,Q498R,N501Y,Y505H,D614G,H655Y,N679K,P681H,N764K,D796Y,Q954H,N969K] I-.Q.........G....HT.IFPFA.NSNK.PS...K.NR.APSRYH.SYKH 3-Europe-1 276 633 143 22.6% [T19I,L24-,P25-,P26-,A27S,V83A,G142D,Y144-,H146Q,Q183E,N185I,F186-,V213E,D253G,G339H,R346T,L368I,S371F,S373P,S375F,T376A,D405N,R408S,K417N,N440K,V445P,G446S,N460K,S477N,T478R,E484A,F486P,F490S,Q498R,N501Y,Y505H,P521S,D614G,H655Y,N679K,P681H,N764K,D796Y,Q954H,N969K] I-.Q........V.....HT.IFPFA.NSNK.PS.FLK.NK.APSRYH..YKH 4-Asia-1 289 775 292 37.7% [T19I,L24-,P25-,P26-,A27S,Q52H,V83A,G142D,Y144-,H146Q,Q183E,V213E,G252V,G339H,R346T,L368I,S371F,S373P,S375F,T376A,D405N,R408S,K417N,N440K,V445P,G446S,L455F,F456L,N460K,S477N,T478K,E484A,F486P,F490S,Q498R,N501Y,Y505H,D614G,H655Y,N679K,P681H,N764K,D796Y,Q954H,N969K] I-.Q........V.....HT.IFPFA.NSNK.PS...K.NR.APSRYH..YKH 5-United-Kingdom-1 196 1586 315 19.9% [T19I,L24-,P25-,P26-,A27S,V83A,G142D,Y144-,H146Q,E180V,Q183E,V213E,G252V,G339H,R346T,L368I,S371F,S373P,S375F,T376A,D405N,R408S,K417N,N440K,V445P,G446S,N460K,S477N,T478R,E484A,F486P,F490S,Q498R,N501Y,Y505H,D614G,H655Y,N679K,P681H,N764K,D796Y,Q954H,N969K] I-....G----...L....S..FPFA.NSNK..SR....NK.AP.RYH..YKH 6-Oceania-1 50 55 31 56.4% [T19I,P25S,G142D,Y144-,E156G,F157-,R158-,P209L,L212S,D215H,A222V,A243-,L244-,S256L,R346S,S371F,S373P,S375F,T376A,D405N,R408S,K417N,N440K,G446S,L452R,S477N,T478K,E484A,F486P,Q498R,N501Y,Y505H,D614G,H655Y,N679K,P681H,N703I,N764K,D796Y,Q954H,N969K] I-.Q........V.....HT.IFPFA.N.NK.PS..LK.NK.APSRYH..YKH 7-South-America-1 5 58 21 36.2% [T19I,L24-,P25-,P26-,A27S,V83A,G142D,Y144-,H146Q,Q183E,V213E,G252V,G339H,R346T,L368I,S371F,S373P,S375F,T376A,D405N,K417N,N440K,V445P,G446S,F456L,N460K,S477N,T478K,E484A,F486P,F490S,Q498R,N501Y,Y505H,D614G,H655Y,N679K,P681H,N764K,D796Y,Q954H,N969K] I-.Q........V.....HT.IFPFA.NSNK.PS...K.NR.APSRYH.TYKH 8-Africa-1 4 403 262 65.0% [T19I,L24-,P25-,P26-,A27S,V83A,G142D,Y144-,H146Q,E180V,Q183E,V213E,G252V,G339H,R346T,L368I,S371F,S373P,S375F,T376A,D405N,R408S,K417N,N440K,V445P,G446S,N460K,S477N,T478R,E484A,F486P,F490S,Q498R,N501Y,Y505H,P521T,D614G,H655Y,N679K,P681H,N764K,D796Y,Q954H,N969K] I-.Q........V.....HT.IFPFA.NSNK.PS..LK.NR.APSRYH..YKH 9-North-America-2 1205 1656 620 37.4% [T19I,L24-,P25-,P26-,A27S,V83A,G142D,Y144-,H146Q,E180V,Q183E,V213E,G252V,G339H,R346T,L368I,S371F,S373P,S375F,T376A,D405N,R408S,K417N,N440K,V445P,G446S,F456L,N460K,S477N,T478R,E484A,F486P,F490S,Q498R,N501Y,Y505H,D614G,H655Y,N679K,P681H,N764K,D796Y,Q954H,N969K] I...ER.L.......S..HT..FPFA.NSNKT.SRFLK.NK.AS.RYH..YKH 10-Europe-2 135 273 162 59.3% [T19I,L24-,P25-,P26-,A27S,G142D,K147E,W152R,F157L,N185D,I210V,V213G,G257S,G339H,R346T,S371F,S373P,S375F,T376A,D405N,R408S,K417N,N440K,K444T,G446S,L452R,L455F,F456L,N460K,S477N,T478K,E484A,F486S,Q498R,N501Y,Y505H,D614G,H655Y,N679K,P681H,N764K,D796Y,L858I,Q954H,N969K] I-.Q........V.....HT.IFPFA.NSNK.PS...K.NK.APSRYH..YKH 11-Asia-2 173 650 98 15.1% [T19I,L24-,P25-,P26-,A27S,V83A,G142D,Y144-,H146Q,Q183E,V213E,G252V,G339H,R346T,L368I,S371F,S373P,S375F,T376A,D405N,R408S,K417N,N440K,V445P,G446S,N460K,S477N,T478K,E484A,F486P,F490S,Q498R,N501Y,Y505H,D614G,H655Y,N679K,P681H,N764K,D796Y,Q954H,N969K] I-.Q.......V.-....HT.IFPFA.NSNK.PS..LK.NK.APSRYH..YKH 12-United-Kingdom-2 64 127 92 72.4% [T19I,L24-,P25-,P26-,A27S,Q52H,V83A,G142D,Y144-,H146Q,Q183E,V213E,+251V,D253-,G339H,R346T,L368I,S371F,S373P,S375F,T376A,D405N,R408S,K417N,N440K,V445P,G446S,F456L,N460K,S477N,T478K,E484A,F486P,F490S,Q498R,N501Y,Y505H,D614G,H655Y,N679K,P681H,N764K,D796Y,Q954H,N969K] I-.Q........V.....HT.IFPFA.NSNK.PS.FLK.NR.APSRYH..YKH 13-Oceania-2 15 87 68 78.2% [T19I,L24-,P25-,P26-,A27S,V83A,G142D,Y144-,H146Q,E180V,Q183E,V213E,G252V,G339H,R346T,L368I,S371F,S373P,S375F,T376A,D405N,R408S,K417N,N440K,V445P,G446S,L455F,F456L,N460K,S477N,T478R,E484A,F486P,F490S,Q498R,N501Y,Y505H,D614G,H655Y,N679K,P681H,N764K,D796Y,Q954H,N969K] I-.Q...L....V.....HTTIFPFA.NSNK.PS...K.NK.APSRYH..YKH 14-South-America-2 3 4 2 50.0% [T19I,L24-,P25-,P26-,A27S,V83A,G142D,Y144-,H146Q,F157L,Q183E,V213E,G252V,G339H,R346T,K356T,L368I,S371F,S373P,S375F,T376A,D405N,R408S,K417N,N440K,V445P,G446S,N460K,S477N,T478K,E484A,F486P,F490S,Q498R,N501Y,Y505H,T572I,D614G,H655Y,N679K,P681H,N764K,Q954H,N969K] I-.Q........V....SHT.IFPFAKNSNK.PS...K.NR.APSRYH..YKH 15-Africa-2 2 30 16 53.3% [T19I,L24-,P25-,P26-,A27S,V83A,G142D,Y144-,H146Q,Q183E,V213E,G252V,L335S,G339H,R346T,L368I,S371F,S373P,S375F,T376A,R403K,D405N,R408S,K417N,N440K,V445P,G446S,N460K,S477N,T478R,E484A,F486P,F490S,Q498R,N501Y,Y505H,D614G,H655Y,N679K,P681H,N764K,D796Y,Q954H,N969K] I-.Q.........G....HT.IFPFA.NSNK.PS...K.NK.APSRYH.SYKH 16-North-America-3 353 500 196 39.2% [T19I,L24-,P25-,P26-,A27S,V83A,G142D,Y144-,H146Q,K182N,Q183E,V213E,D253G,G339H,R346T,L368I,S371F,S373P,S375F,T376A,D405N,R408S,K417N,N440K,V445P,G446S,N460K,S477N,T478K,E484A,F486P,F490S,Q498R,N501Y,Y505H,P521S,D614G,H655Y,N679K,P681H,N764K,D796Y,Q954H,N969K] I.QN-.......V.....HT.IFPFA.NSNK.PS...K.NR.APSRYH.SYKH 17-Europe-3 74 198 143 72.2% [T19I,L24-,P25-,P26-,A27S,V83A,G142D,Y145Q,H146N,K147-,E180V,Q183E,V213E,G252V,G339H,R346T,L368I,S371F,S373P,S375F,T376A,D405N,R408S,K417N,N440K,V445P,G446S,N460K,S477N,T478R,E484A,F486P,F490S,Q498R,N501Y,Y505H,P521S,D614G,H655Y,N679K,P681H,N764K,D796Y,Q954H,N969K] I...ER.L.......S..HT..FPFA.NSNKT.SR..K.NK.AS.RYH..YKH 18-Asia-3 38 60 21 35.0% [T19I,L24-,P25-,P26-,A27S,G142D,K147E,W152R,F157L,I210V,V213G,D215G,G257S,G339H,R346T,S371F,S373P,S375F,T376A,D405N,R408S,K417N,N440K,K444T,G446S,L452R,N460K,S477N,T478K,E484A,F486S,Q498R,N501Y,Y505H,Q613H,D614G,H655Y,N679K,P681H,N764K,D796Y,Q954H,N969K,E1111Q] I-.Q........V.....HT.IFPFA.NSNK.PS.FLK.NK.APSRYHI.YKH 19-United-Kingdom-3 23 149 87 58.4% [T19I,L24-,P25-,P26-,A27S,V83A,G142D,Y144-,H146Q,Q183E,V213E,G252V,G339H,R346T,L368I,S371F,S373P,S375F,T376A,D405N,R408S,K417N,N440K,V445P,G446S,L455F,F456L,N460K,S477N,T478K,E484A,F486P,F490S,Q498R,N501Y,Y505H,V511I,D614G,H655Y,N679K,P681H,N764K,D796Y,Q954H,N969K] I-.Q...L....V.....HT.IFPFA.NSNK.PS..LK.NK.APSRYH..YKH 20-Oceania-3 12 233 161 69.1% [T19I,L24-,P25-,P26-,A27S,Q52H,V83A,G142D,Y144-,H146Q,F157L,Q183E,V213E,G252V,G339H,R346T,L368I,S371F,S373P,S375F,T376A,D405N,R408S,K417N,N440K,V445P,G446S,F456L,N460K,S477N,T478K,E484A,F486P,F490S,Q498R,N501Y,Y505H,D614G,H655Y,N679K,P681H,N764K,D796Y,Q954H,N969K] I-.Q........V.....H..IFPFA.NSNK.PS..LK.NK.APSRYH..YKH 21-South-America-3 2 3 3 100.0% [T19I,L24-,P25-,P26-,A27S,Q52H,V83A,G142D,Y144-,H146Q,Q183E,V213E,G252V,G339H,L368I,S371F,S373P,S375F,T376A,D405N,R408S,K417N,N440K,V445P,G446S,F456L,N460K,S477N,T478K,E484A,F486P,F490S,Q498R,N501Y,Y505H,D614G,H655Y,N679K,P681H,N764K,D796Y,Q954H,N969K] I..QER.L.......S..HT.IFPFAKNSNKTPSR..K.NR.APSRYH..YKH 22-Africa-3 1 1 1 100.0% [T19I,L24-,P25-,P26-,A27S,V36I,V83A,G142D,H146Q,K147E,W152R,F157L,G181E,Q183E,I210V,V213G,G257S,G339H,R346T,L368I,S371F,S373P,S375F,T376A,R403K,D405N,R408S,K417N,N440K,K444T,V445P,G446S,L452R,N460K,S477N,T478R,E484A,F486P,F490S,Q498R,N501Y,Y505H,D614G,H655Y,N679K,P681H,N764K,D796Y,Q954H,N969K,G1219V] I-.Q...L....V.....HT.IFPFA.NSNK.PSR.LK.NK.APSRYH..YKH 23-North-America-4 304 342 282 82.5% [T19I,L24-,P25-,P26-,A27S,Q52H,V83A,G142D,Y144-,H146Q,F157L,Q183E,V213E,G252V,G339H,R346T,L368I,S371F,S373P,S375F,T376A,D405N,R408S,K417N,N440K,V445P,G446S,L452R,F456L,N460K,S477N,T478K,E484A,F486P,F490S,Q498R,N501Y,Y505H,D614G,H655Y,N679K,P681H,N764K,D796Y,Q954H,N969K] I-.Q........V.....HT.IFPFA.NSNK.PS.FLKVNK.APSRYH..YKH 24-Europe-4 70 137 99 72.3% [T19I,L24-,P25-,P26-,A27S,V83A,G142D,Y144-,H146Q,Q183E,V213E,G252V,G339H,R346T,L368I,S371F,S373P,S375F,T376A,D405N,R408S,K417N,N440K,V445P,G446S,L455F,F456L,N460K,A475V,S477N,T478K,E484A,F486P,F490S,Q498R,N501Y,Y505H,D614G,H655Y,N679K,P681H,N764K,D796Y,Q954H,N969K] I-.K........V.....HT.IFPFA.NSNK.PS..LK.NK.APSRYH..YKH 25-Asia-4 16 145 81 55.9% [T19I,L24-,P25-,P26-,A27S,Q52H,V83A,G142D,Y144-,H146K,Q183E,V213E,G252V,G339H,R346T,L368I,S371F,S373P,S375F,T376A,D405N,R408S,K417N,N440K,V445P,G446S,F456L,N460K,S477N,T478K,E484A,F486P,F490S,Q498R,N501Y,Y505H,D614G,H655Y,N679K,P681H,N764K,D796Y,Q954H,N969K] I-.Q........V.....HT.IFPFA.NSNK.PS..LK.NKKAPPRYH..YKR 26-United-Kingdom-4 14 22 17 77.3% [T19I,L24-,P25-,P26-,A27S,V83A,G142D,Y144-,H146Q,Q183E,V213E,G252V,G339H,R346T,L368I,S371F,S373P,S375F,T376A,D405N,R408S,K417N,N440K,V445P,G446S,F456L,N460K,S477N,T478K,N481K,E484A,F486P,F490P,Q498R,N501Y,Y505H,D614G,H655Y,N679K,P681R,A701V,N764K,D796Y,Q954H,N969K] I-....G----...L....S..FPFA.NSNK.ASR....NK.AP.RYH..YKH 27-Oceania-4 9 9 6 66.7% [T19I,P25S,G142D,Y144-,E156G,F157-,R158-,P209L,L212S,D215H,A222V,A243-,L244-,S256L,R346S,S371F,S373P,S375F,T376A,D405N,R408S,K417N,N440K,V445A,G446S,L452R,S477N,T478K,E484A,F486P,Q498R,N501Y,Y505H,D614G,H655Y,N679K,P681H,N703I,N764K,D796Y,Q954H,N969K] I-.Q........V.....HT.IFPFA.N.NK.PS..LK.NR.APSRYH..YKH 28-South-America-4 2 14 5 35.7% [T19I,L24-,P25-,P26-,A27S,V83A,G142D,Y144-,H146Q,E180V,Q183E,V213E,G252V,G339H,R346T,L368I,S371F,S373P,S375F,T376A,D405N,K417N,N440K,V445P,G446S,F456L,N460K,S477N,T478R,E484A,F486P,F490S,Q498R,N501Y,Y505H,D614G,H655Y,N679K,P681H,N764K,D796Y,Q954H,N969K] I-.K........V...VSHT.IFPFAKNSNK.PS...K.NR.APSRYH..YKH 29-Africa-4 1 1 1 100.0% [T19I,L24-,P25-,P26-,A27S,V83A,G142D,Y144-,H146K,Q183E,V213E,G252V,G261V,L335S,G339H,R346T,L368I,S371F,S373P,S375F,T376A,R403K,D405N,R408S,K417N,N440K,V445P,G446S,N460K,S477N,T478R,E484A,F486P,F490S,Q498R,N501Y,Y505H,D614G,H655Y,N679K,P681H,N764K,D796Y,Q954H,N969K,I1227V]
In the Table of Variants, above, the first variant in the input alignment is taken as the reference sequence, and is the ancestral Wuhan variant to ensure epitope regions are chosen appropriately. The alignment on the left shows the positions that define unique common forms that are searched using SHIVER. The positions numbers are written vertically. The amino acids in the top row are taken from is the ancestral Wuhan variant. The epitope regions in Spike that are explored for a focused search for the common Spike variants are defined at the end of this document. The epitope and furin cleavage regions in Spike that are featured are defined below.
The basic NTD supersite sites selected are for inclusion are based on:
Sites 14-20, 140-158, and 245-264: McCallum, M. et al. N-terminal domain antigenic mapping reveals a site of vulnerability for SARS-CoV-2. Cell 184:9 2332-2347.e16 (2021)
Site 13: Impacts signal peptide cleavage and NTDss antibodies. McCallum, M. et al. SARS-CoV-2 immune evasion by the B.1.427/B.1.429 variant of concern. Science 373:648-654 (2021)
Sites 242-244: Impacts NTDss antibody potency SARS-CoV-2 501Y.V2 escapes neutralization by South African COVID-19 donor plasma Wibmer, C. et al. Nature Med. 27(4): 622-625.
Toggling Sites: Site 18 is in the NTDss and toggles frequently between L and F, so we exclude it from the tallies of forms of the regions of interest as it splits the counts on otherwise distinctive forms. An analogous situation is a problem for site 142. Among Delta variants, every common variant within the Delta lineages includes both (the ancestral) G and D at site 142. This is because the ARTIC 3 primers can results in an erroneous call of the ancestral G at position 142. The G142D mutation is the common form, and this error is resolved by using the ARTIC 4 primers. By excluding both sites 18 and 142 from our NTDss definition, we group the forms of Spike that carry either form in our tallies.
Analysis of the ARTIC version 3 and version 4 SARS-CoV-2 primers and their impact on the detection of the G142D amino acid substitution in the spike protein. Davies et al. bioRxiv 10.1101/2021.09.27.461949 (2021)
Sites 330-521: the RBD region includes positions 330-521, based on a synthesis of the literature from early 2020.
Furin related sites: mutations that add positive charge to near the furin cleavage site can enhance Spike cleavage and infectivity. Also, the change at H655Y (Alba2021) has been shown to impact furin cleavage, and we include site 950 as it accompanies P681R in Delta and P681H in Mu, to variants that were particularly fast spreading, though Delta became prevalent. SARS-CoV-2 spike P681R mutation, a hallmark of the Delta variant, enhances viral fusogenicity and pathogenicity. Saito et al. bioRxiv 10.1101/2021.06.17.448820 (2021) SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern have acquired mutations associated with an increased spike cleavage. Alba et al. bioRxiv 10.1101/2021.08.05.455290 (2021)
Table of Coverages
In table below, T-n refers to a batch of the first n variants. Coverage is defined as fraction of sequences in the continent with an exact match (over the region NTDss-18-142+RBD+furin) to one of the first n variants. (Here, 'T' corresponds to the 'Taketurns' strategy.) The coverage table is based on 14737 sequences.
Continent Name Coverage
Global T-1 0.0000 North-America T-1 0.0000 Europe-minus-United-Kingdom T-1 0.0000 Asia T-1 0.0000 United-Kingdom T-1 0.0000 Oceania T-1 0.0000 South-America T-1 0.0000 Africa T-1 0.0000
Global T-8 0.4981 North-America T-8 0.4760 Europe-minus-United-Kingdom T-8 0.5080 Asia T-8 0.5530 United-Kingdom T-8 0.5171 Oceania T-8 0.5045 South-America T-8 0.5455 Africa T-8 0.5758
Global T-15 0.6900 North-America T-15 0.6982 Europe-minus-United-Kingdom T-15 0.6671 Asia T-15 0.6787 United-Kingdom T-15 0.7265 Oceania T-15 0.6441 South-America T-15 0.6667 Africa T-15 0.6970
Global T-22 0.7676 North-America T-22 0.7833 Europe-minus-United-Kingdom T-22 0.7439 Asia T-22 0.7243 United-Kingdom T-22 0.8084 Oceania T-22 0.7297 South-America T-22 0.6970 Africa T-22 0.7576
Global T-29 0.8131 North-America T-29 0.8413 Europe-minus-United-Kingdom T-29 0.7827 Asia T-29 0.7392 United-Kingdom T-29 0.8426 Oceania T-29 0.7793 South-America T-29 0.7273 Africa T-29 0.8182
This run uses the T=taketurns strategy for identifying further variants. Each continent, in turn, chooses the next variant, based on which is the most common variant in that continent that has not already been chosen. The order of the continents is based on number of samples available in those continents.
Sequence sample dates range from 2023-08-26 to 2023-09-19. The number of sequences, broken out by continent is: Total: 14737, North-America: 7610, Europe-minus-United-Kingdom: 3581, Asia: 1821, United-Kingdom: 1404, Oceania: 222, South-America: 66, Africa: 33. The focus here is specifically on the epitope region: NTDss-18-142+RBD+furin Sites: 13-17,19,20,140,141,143-158,242-264,330-521,655,675,677,679,681,950
[*] Note that the UK is treated as a separate continent because so much of the sequencing has been from the UK.